Research:
"Any scientific and systematic examination to slove or to stay away From issues."
systematic:
Step by step process, sequential like first identification of problem is required them whole procedure will proceeding like collecting data or variables, etc.
Scientific:
It should has following characteristics:
- Confidence ; increase
- Precision ; increase
- Verification ; result should verifiable of research
- Objectivity ; clearly defined and explained
- Rigorous ; variation increase
- Persimony ; simplicity
Rigorous:
- To what an extend the relation in
- dependant variable is being explained by independent variable.
- Consider those variables or reasons which explained research and result gives high variation.
Variation increase ; Rigorous increase
Variation decrease ; Rigorous decrease
e.g;
- Impulsive buying ( unplanned buying) \ Research on it variables which are related.
- Promotion, price, Environment and location if store. They cover's somehow 80% variation so this research is rigorous.
Parsimony:
- Research should be simpler as can as it possible.
- Use minimum variable to explain in a simplist manner.
Exploratory Research:
- In this research problem was definied and refined.
- In nature it is a qualitative and subjective research.
- No any formula used to follow in this type of research.
e.g;
Like selection of a topic for assignment, etc.
Types of Research:
1) Quantitative Research:
• systematic
• Numeric Figure, numbers
• objectivity
e.g ; Survey Research
2) Qualitative Research:
• No systematic Research
• subjectivity
e.g; to judge confidence level of student
3) Applied Research:
• To slove problem at hand.
• Research on current based problem.
• On specific situation.
• Like company oriented or product oriented.
e.g; To find reason of increase in employees turnover.
4) Basic Research:
• To expand Body of knowledge.
• To develop new theories or to verify previous theories.
• Doesn't solve current problems but work in future problem.
e.g; Books (student used in future to get benefit).
Motivation Theory.
Concepts and constructs:
Concepts:
• Generally accepted meaning of everything/subject/ phenomena.
• Concepts having concrete meaning.
• Concepts are learned by shared language for effective communication.
Concrete;
• Consistent image
• Directly observable
A concept is generally accepted collection of meanings or characteristics associated with certain extents, objects, condition, situations and behavior.
Constructs:
• Highly abstract concepts are calli constructs.
• It has no clear meaning.
• Possess variable meaning which changes time to time, place to place, person to person.
e.g;
satisfaction, motivation, honesty, depression, tension, confidence, IQ, happiness, etc.
Abstracts;
• different meanings
• indirectly observable
• need a criteria to measure or require indicators to measure.
Measurement Process:
- It is a three step process;
1. Identify the variables and characteristics of variables which is going to measure.
2. Do maping (code words like if you are going to measure ratio of male and female in an exhibition then your code may be M for a Male and F for female , so this M and F is maping).
3. Physical (Height, length, size, etc) and psychological (stress, depression, fatigue) both variable can be measure.
Measurement Scale:
- Characteristics of Measurement Scale;
1. Classification/categorization
2. Order
3. Distance
4. Absolute Origin ( A variable whose origin is present which is O, and it is not possible that the result would be in negative, less then O) height, weight, size, distance.
Tags:
Education