Research Desgin:
Catagory:
1. Degree to which Research question have been crystalized.Options:
• Exploratory • Formal
2. Purpose of the study.
Options:
• Descriptive • Causal
3. Method of data collection.
Options:
• Monitoring • Communication
4. Power of the researcher to produce effects on variables under study.
Options:
•Experimental • Ex-post Facto
5. Time dimension.
Options:
•Cross-sectional • Longitudinal
» Exploratory:
Exploratory research is a qualitative research. After qualitative research Formal research starts.» Descriptive and Causal:
Descriptive and Causal research is a quantitative research. Survey tooks place in this study.Survey; Closed Ended Questions:
• Questions in questionnaire with given options/choices.
Survey; Open Ended Questions:
• No option were given with question, interview is better than the open ended question ; questionnaire.
Descriptive;
Finding answers of WH questions except why question, (What, when, where, how, etc...)Causal;
Finding answers of only why question.e.g:
Descriptive; When thefting happens in mall?
Causal; Why thefting happens in mall?
Causal research also possess dependant and independant variable.
» Monitoring:
observing (data collection)» Communication:
Conducting interview for Data Collection.» Experimental:
If a researcher have a power to influence variables of Research.» Ex-post Facto:
When researcher have no power to influence variables of Research.e.g:
Experimental; Like Pharmaceutical company researching on the effects of medicine on potient so company can research by varying mgh in medicine like 10mgh, 20mgh and so on.
Ex post Facto; Like effect of inflation on poverty.
• Every experimental research is a causal research.
• Every causal research is not a experimental research.
» Cross-Sectional:
Research carried out once only.» Longitudinal:
Repeated research carried out many times.Measurement in research consists of assigning numbers to events, objects or properties, or activities in compliance with a set of rules.
1. Selecting observeables events.
2. Developing a set of mapping rules; a plan for relegating numbers or symbols to represent aspects of the event being estimated.
3. Applying the mapping rules and taking actual recording either through observing or by using instrument.
Likert Scale:
•It is a scale which lies between ordinal and interval Scale.•It has classification, oder and somehow distance is also their.
e.g:
Q: To what extent you are satisfied with you current telecom provider?
1. Highly satisfied
2. Satisfied
3. Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied
4. Dissatisfied
5. Highly dissatisfied
• A/c to options scale have been decided.
• This scale is measured and termed in points.
• Just like above scale is a points likert Scale.
Coding:
Variables are measured through options and coding was made to every options mostly coding was done in most important to least important by highest number to least number.Types of Reliability:
1. Test- Retest Reliability (Stability) :
The extent to which the instrument provides similar results when administered with same respondent twice or more.2. Parallel Form Reliability (Equivalence):
The extent to which alternate form of the instrument provides same or similar results.3. Split Half Reliability (Internal Consistency):
The extent to which items on the questionnaire are homogenous and reflect the same underlying construct.Types of Validity:
1. Content Validity:
Degree to which contents on the items adequately represent the whole universe of the items under the study.2. Criterion Related Validity:
Degree to which predictor is adequate in capturing the relevant aspect of the criteria.a. Concurrent Validity:
• For present• No interval of the time period between data collection and prediction.
b. Predictive Validity:
• For Future Prediction of the future.• Interval of the time period is present between data collection and prediction.
• Criterion data are estimated after the passage of time.
3. Construct Validity:
Degree to which operational definition is correct and relevant.
Tags:
Education