Kingdom prokaryote => before nucleus => example: bacteria • Eubacteria • Archeobacteria.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1673 => report microbes with microscope (simple) => bacteria and protozoa.
1st observed in rainwater => Then in saliva, vinegar, infusion.
Further confirmed by Louis Pasteur => discovers in microbiology and medicine.
Pasteurization and fermentation => Vaccine development for anthrax, Fowl cholera and rabies.
Germ Theory of disease => Robert Koch.
Dextract bacilli => from sheep blood and chlorosis bacteria isolated of these diseases.
Four Postulates:
1. Specific organism => association with a given disease.
2. Organism isolated and grown in pure culture in Lab.
3. Pure culture => produce disease when inoculated into animal.
4. Recover organism from pure culture => possible from experimental infacted animal.
Bacteria => present everywhere in air H²O, food, malter. All bacteria => cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, chromatin bodies and cellwall. Capsule, slime, flagella, Pilli, fimbriae and granules => in all bacteria. Size => 0.1 – 600μm => mycoplasma => smallest bacteria => 100–200Πm. Largest => Poxvirus and Ecology. Spirochete => 500μm length.
Few bacteria are much larger than average Eukaryotic cell. Shape: • cocci • bacilli • Spiral => Spherical and oval. Pleomorphic => variety of shapes.
1. cocci: Diplococcus phenomena and Staphylococcus aureal. Spherical or oval.
if division in one plane => Diplococcus(in pairs) or streptococcus(long chain of cells).
if division in two plane => Tetra => Square of four Cocci.
if division in three plane => Sarcina => cube of Eight Cocci.
if division in random plane => staphylococcus => grape Cocci ice structure.
2. Bacilli: rod shaped => all in one plane => bacillus(one pair of Cocci), diplobacillus(two pairs of Cocci), streptobacillus (co-chain of Cocci). Example: Ecoli, bacillus, Sabtallis, Pseudomonal.
3. Spiral: Shaped => vibrio and hyphomicrobium. vibrio (curved and comma shape), Spirallum (rigid and thick Spiral), Spirochete (Thin flexible Spiral).
Flagella: Thin, hairlike => comeout => through cell wall. Motility. originate from basal body. basal body => Structure beneath cell membrane in cytoplasm => madeup of flagella protein.
Atrichous: without flagella.
Monotrichous: Single polar flagellum.
Lophotrichous: Tuft of flagella at one pole.
Amphitrichous: Tuft of flagella at each of two poles.
peritrichous: Flagella on whole cell.
Cocci => rarely flagella presence but bacilli, Spiral => Mostly have flagella.
Chemotaxis: Flagellate bacteria => move in response to chemical signal.
Pilli: Hollow, non-helical, filamentous appendages => smaller than flagella. Not in motility but im matiy process => conjugation.
Pillin protein => Spiral.
Pilli => means of attachment to various surface.
Cell envelope: outer wrapping => external to protoplasm. Capsule => Repeating polysaccharides units and protein or both.
Tight bounded, thicker gumy nature => stick characteristics encapsulated colonies. Loose and soluble sheet of macromolecules. Slime => pathogenicity => in bacteria protect from phagocytosis. Cellwall => rigid structure => beneath extracellular substance and external to cytoplasm. Shape of bacteria protect cells from osmolysis. Absent in mycoplasma. Christian Gram and gramstrain => gram positive => stained purple => retain purple.
gram negative. => staired pink => retain secondary colors.
Gram positive:
major layer => one.
Chemical => Peptiglycan => 50 percent.
Technic and lipo technic acid.
Lipid (–1–4) percent => thickness.
No outer membrane.
More permeable.
Gram negative:
Lipopolysaccharides.
Lipoprotein and peptiglycan => 10 percent.
(11–12) percent.
have outer membrane.
Less permeable.
Cellwall => peptiglycan => macro molecules. Peptiglycan => glycan chain cross linked with peptide. Peptiglycan => sugar and technic acid and lip protein and lip polysaccharide. Archeobacteria => do not cotain peptig => cell wall have protein, glycoprotein and polysaccharides.
Cell membrane: Thin, Flexible. Beneath cell wall => surround cytoplasm. Aelicate => any damage to it => death of organisms. Bacterial membrane different from Eukaryotic membrane => Lackins steroles cholesterol. Transport of protein, sugar, enzyme for respiration.
Cytoplasmic matria: Lack membrane bound organelles and cytoskeleton (microtubules).
Present between plasma and Nucleotides. Gel like => small molecules move rapidly. Protoplast => cell membrane and everything within it. Major part => cytoplasmic matria.
Nucleoid: bacteria lacks discrete chromosomes and nuclea membrane. Nuclear materia / DNA and center of all single, circular. Irregular shaped => dense area => long folded molecule of DNA inside cell. E-coli => closed circle chromosome.
Plasmid: Vectors => Genetic engraves. Circular double stranded DNA => self Replicating. Not Essential for growth of bacteria. Drugs / Resistance genes in than insect.
Ribosomes: RNA => protein => protein factors => 100 of ribosomes. losses attached to plasma membrane. Smaller than Eukaryotic ribosome.
Mesosomes: Vesicles, tubules or lamella. Cell membrane invagination into cytoplasm. DNA Replication and cell division and export of exocellular enzymes. Respiratory enzyme also present.
Granules and storage bodies:
Competitive environment => store extra nutrias. Glycogen, sulphur, fat, phosphate.
Spores: Exo (external to vegative cell) and endospones (internal within vegative cell).
Dormant => late stage of cell growth => producer resistant to PH, temperature. Favorable condition => germinates => vegetative cells.
Cyst: Dormant, thick, Resistant. Developed during different of vegatitive cells => germinate in suitable condition.
Nutrition: Mostly heterotrophic => saprophytic food => from dead organic matter (Humans).
Some autotrophs: • Photosynthetic • Chemosynthetic.
Photosynthetic:
Chlorophyll dispersed in cytoplasm.
H²O instead of H²O. E.g: Green sulfur and purple sulfur and purple non-sulphur.
Chemosynthetic:
Nitrifying bacteria.
Oxidize in organic compound like ammonia, nitrates.
Respiration:
aerobic => grow in O² grow => pseudomonics.
Anaerobic => absence of O² grow => Spirochete.
Facultative => neither aerobic or anaerobic.
microaerophilic (low O² for growth) => campybacteria.
Reproductive:
binary fission.
generation time => Time interval until completion of next division.
Four Phase:
Lag phase => no growth => bacteria prepares for division.
Log phase => rapid growth => divide at exponential rate.
Stationary phase => death rate => reproduction rate / multiplaction rate.
Death/ Decline Phase => death rate => reproduction rate / multiplaction rate.
lack and s€xal and mitosis.
Conjugation transfer of genetic material from no to recipient => s€x pilli.
200 Species => disease in human.
Control of bacteria.
Physical methods:
Sterilization process => by gamma rays.
Dry air, gas, radiation.
Physical agents.
Destruction of all life forms.
electromagnetic => below 200nm kill bacteria.
Chemical methods:
• antiseptics, disinfectant, chemothera, peukocyte.
antiseptic => chemical used kn lirig tissue => inbitgrowth.
e.g: Hydrogen peroxide phenol.
Chemotherapeutic agents and antibiotic => natural defense => stop growth of bacteria.