Ecology: Greek word => oikos => family house hold => logy => study => Earnest Hacket => 1866. Study hof relation of animal with environment => biological and physical conditions.
Ecosystem: major unit of ecology. Organism interact with in the confirms of ecosystem. Eco-system environment => system => collection of parts function as unit. • biotic => living. • abiotic => physical.
biotic: animals, plants, Fungi, micro organisms.
abiotic: Atmosphere, soil, climate, water. Biosphere: 8-10cm upper atmosphere and depth oceans.
Population: Group of interbreeding individuals => same species => living together in space and time.
Community: all population in ecosystem. Interact with one another and individuals of other species.
Levels of ecosystem:
• Individual
• Population
• Community
Biomes: Major ecosystem occupying broad geographical regions biomes. Combination of plants and animals => fully developed aima community. Terrestrial biomes => forest, grass, land, dessert. Biomes of earth => planetary ecosystem.
Biosphere: Thin layer of earth in which all living organisms exist.
Habitat: Where organisms live, actual location.
N
Niche: 1917 => Josseph Grinnel => American arnithologist => Habitat and Niche => closely related. Distributional unit within which specie is reatrained by limitations at its physical structure. Niche => Charles Eton => basic role of organisms specie in community. Species occupation => job of organisms. Ecological niche => how organisms gets it supply of energy and material. e.g: Predator, Prey and competitor. Physical factors for survival, temperature, PH, water, soil.
Autoeology: Signal population relation with environment.
Synecology: Group of population or communities relation with environment.
Three components of Ecosystem:
• Producers => green photosynthetic plant => autotrophs.
• Consumers => animals =>depend upon products => Heterotrophic.
• Decomposers => fungi and bacteria release nutrients, nitrates, ammoniac.
Food chain: Linear feeding pathway. Move from => basic trophic level to top consumer.
Food web: Combination of food chain. All food chain and food webs => start => producer => 3 to 5 levels.
Succession: Structure sequence in communits structure over a period of time. Community relay => assemblages of plants and animals replace earlier one in more predictable. Precise changes in succession => diverse. Started by pioneers => Few hardy invaders. End with stable => climax community.
Dry land succession two forms:
• Primary succession • Secondary succession
Primary succession: Ecosystem started from bare roots and sand where no predicts faces of life.
Secondary succession: New ecosystem develop after an existing ecosystem is distubed in case of fire, flood. Rapidly than primary.
Hyrosere => primary succession in ponds.
Xerosere => primary succession on drysoil => Xerophytes. e.g: Succulent plant => cucci. Water stored in parchment tissue.
Parasitism: relation between host and parasite.
Infestation: diseases in organisms cowsed by parasite.
Ecto Parasite: Outside body => dandruff.
Endo parasite: Inside body => tapeworm.
Symbiosis: association between two organisms bringing benefit to both. e.g: legumes plant host to symbiont bacteria. Mycorrhizae => association of fungi and root of plants in acid soil.
Matulasin: Both organisms benefit each other. e.g: Lichens => fungi and algae association.
Insect and flower => dual organism.
Commensalism: One organisms Benefit. Other not effected at all Grazing => final result => barren land.
Biogenic Element: Essential for life in living organism. Nutrients elements => Macro => water, O², C, H, N, S, C. Nutrients elements => Micro => +Zinc, iron, iodine molybdenum. Nutrients cycle => biogeochemical cycle. Nutrients move from living to non-living to living in cyclic manner.
Nitrogen cycle: self sustained cycle => atmosphere => Cheif reservoir of nitrogen. 78% of gases in atmosphere. Limited amount of nitrogen => circulated and recirculated in living organisms.
Ammonification: Microorganisms using protein and a.acids and release NH³ or NH⁴ ammonium ions => Plant use directly.
Nitrification: Oxidization of ammonia NH³ or ammonium NH⁴ ions. Nitrate is form in which nitrogen moves from soil into roots. NO², NO³ readly lost by soil erosion Fire.
Assimilation: Nitrate in plant cell reduced back to ammonia => Requiring energy.
Denitrification: Break down of nitrates by bacteria. Releasing N² back in atmosphere. Using O² for Respiration.
Photosynthesis => for energy.
Nitrogen => for nitrogen fixation.
Energy => inform of heat and light from sun flows through ecosystem of all trophies levels radiates back to outerspaces.
Total amount of energy fixed by plants => gross primary production.
80 to 90 percentage as heat as bioproduct of respiration.
Man and his environment:
First humans => hunters.environment => Treasure of all resources essential to maintan life.
environment => Primary resources for humans.
Renewable:
Air, water, land, forests, inexhaustible energy.
Never depleted.
Recycled in nature.
Natural cycle => earth => self.
Air => several km thick blanket of atmosphere sorrunding earth.
Air => 79% nitrogen, 29% oxygen, CO² => 0.03.
Water => 70% of earth is water 30% land 70 to 90% body. 97% of total in ocean. 2x frozen, 1%frozen.
Non-renewable:
Fossils fuels, oil, natural gas.
Once consumed Carmot be replaced.
Minerals.
Wildlife.
Driving force => sun.
sustain unit.
exhaustable energy.
NaCl table salt => Sea from.
Land soil: Upper layer of earth crust. 30 percent of earth and 11% of total world => cultivation.
Wildlife: All non- cultivated plants and non-domesticated animal.
Inexhaustable energy: Solar energy, Falling water, wind, O geothermal energy and biomass.
Exhaustable energy: fossil fuels => coal, oil and natural gas. Dead plant => peat => lignite => coal => Co².
Tidal power: Gravational pull of moon and sun on water in seas and oceans.
Wind: moving air.
geothermal: natural heat energy trapped in underground.
Hydrogenation: +H². Pyrolysis => destructive distillation.
Demography: Study of human population 1947 =>32.5 million.
Afforestation: Establishment of new forests where no forest existed before.
Bioderversity: Total number of different environment buffer species in ecosystem and then resulting interaction between them.
Ozone layer: 10-50 km above bearth => filter radiation. O³ => blue => in pure form, highly poisonous.
Ozone depletion: CFCS => C, F, Chlorine. UV rays and chlorine => destroy one million ozone molecules.
Green House effect: Prevent heats to escape from earth surface. Raise temperature of earth. e.g: CO² => greenhouse gas. CO => incomplete burning of CO².
