Enzymes
• Increase efficiency of biochemical reaction.
• Specific for each other type of reaction.
• Life is impossible without them.
Composition: Hundred of amino acids. Coiled to globus.
Activesite: For catalytic activity to reactant called substrate. Chased is attached to active site with fewca acids.
Rest of bulk of a acid –> globule structure.
Co-Factor: Non protein part of enzyme. Mostly inorganic for proper functioning of enzyme. Bridge between enzyme two substrate.
Contributes directly to chemical enzyme reaction bring to catalysis. Provides chemical energy for reaction.
e.g: Co-Factor –> metal ion –> Mg², Fc²,Zn².
Activator: Detachable cofactor to its inorganic.
Prosthetic group: Non protein co-factor covalently bonded organic to composed of vitamin sugar part.
e.g: biotin, Falvin.
Co-enzyme: If co-factor is organic molecules it is called coenzyme. Co-factor or non-profit part lossely, attached to protein.
e.g: vitamin ba ; folic acid sunthesis of nucleic acid.
Sunthesis: Co-enzyme are made of vitamins.
co-enzyme used again and again.
Two state of enzyme:
ApoEnzyme: Protein part of enzyme. Prosthetic group of co-enzyme removed.
e.g: Inactive part of protein. Requires co-factor for activation.
Holoenzyme: ApoEnzyme and co-factor(may be organic or inorganic or metallic). Activated form of enzyme.
Co-Factor: • Inorganic or metallic • Organic
Inorganic or metallic are metal Mg², Zn² activati enzyme.
organic is coenzyme (lossely acttach) and Prosthetic group (Covalent bond).
Location of enzyme:
• Dissolved in cytoplasm.• Attached to organelle.
Production: Near the site of their use.
• Photosynthesis enzyme produced in chloroplast.
• Cellular respiration produced in mitochondria.
• Synthesis of protein produced in ribosomes.
Characteristics:
• Increase rate of reaction without being used.
• All enzymes are 3D globular protein.
• Enzyme presence doesn't effect and product.
• Specific in nature.(one enzyme catalyze one reaction or group of related reactions).
• Lower activation energy of reactants.
Active Site: • Binding site and • Catalytic site
Binding site: is substrate binding (ES complex).
Catalytic site: Activities and transform substrate into product(After catalytic detach from product uncharted).
Enzyme Requires aqueous media for activity.
Lock two key Model: •In introduce 1890 • Emil Fisher • Specific enzyme can transform one substrate to product. • Active site to rigid to no change after binding of enzyme.
Induce Fit Model:
• Kushland in 1959
• Substrate attaches to active site it. charges the enzyme structure.
Factor effecting rate of Reaction:
• Enzyme concentration to direct relation.
• Substrate to Directly proportional (at lower concentration of substrate).
•Temperature 35-40°C.
Optimum PH:
• Pepsin –> 2.0
• Pancreatic lipase –> 9.00
• Catalase –> 7.60
Change in PH:
• Cause ionization of a acid or substrate.
• Enzyme activity Dloced or retavel.
Inhibitors:
• Chemical substance.• Used in place of substrate.
• Not transformed into product.
• Blocked the activities sites temporary or permanently.
e.g: Poison, Antibiotics, Cyanide.
Types of Irreversible:
• Destroy globular structure.
• Occupy active site by making covalent bond.
• Physically block the active site.
Type of Reversible:
• Weak linkage with enzyme.
• Effect of theirs can be changed by increasing substrate concentration.
Competitive Inhibitors:
Bc² of structurely similarity with substrate they bind to active site but not activate the catalytic site but product not formed.
Non-competitive Inhibitor:
• They bind to enzyme other than active site.
• Alters the structure of enzyme.
• Fails catalysis reaction.
Feed back inhibiting:
prevents cell to synthesize more products than its needed.
Biological Molecules
Bio chemistry:Chemical components and processes in living organisms.
e.g: Respiration, Digestion, muscle contraction and photosynthesis to biochemical process.
organic –> hormones metabolites –> together in a molecule –> CHO –> Carbohydrates, lipids, protein two nucleic acid, Na, K, Ca and inorganic don't have CH together. –>,Co²,H²O acid bases.
Mammalian cell Composition:
Water ; 70%Protein ; 18%
Carbohydrates ; 4%
Lipids ; 3%
DNA ; 0.25%
RNA ; 1.1%
Organic molecules ; 2%
Inorganic ; 1%
Metabolism:
All chemical reactions in body.
a. Catabolism: Break down of larger substances into smaller and Release energy.
b. Anabolism: Smaller molecules combined to form complex substance and requires energy.
Important of Carbon:
Basic organic compound to occupies Central position in the skeleton of life.• Tertravollent to stable configuration.
• C-C ; Skeleton of organic molecules.
• C-H ; Potential source of chemical energy vfor cell activites.
• C-O ; Glycosidic linkage and stability to carbohydrates molecules.
• C-N ; Amino acid linkage, Peptide bonds and protein.
Macromolecules: Cellulose, Fats, Carbohydrates, protein.
• Insoluble in water to form structure of cell.
• Serve as storage site for small molecules.
e.g: Glucose which provides energy.
Micro molecules: Gulcose, acids, fatty acids.
• Provides energy for body.
• Subunit to build macromolecules.
• Unstable –> breakdown –> release energy –> ATP.
• For ever immediate source for cellular metabolism.
Importance of Water:
• 65 to 89% in different organisms.• 85% in brain cells and 20% water in bone cells .
• Raw material for photosynthesis.
• Used in many biochemical reactions to hydrolysis of macromolecule.
a. Solvent Properties:
• Ionic substance dispersed into positive and negative ions.
• Non-Ionic having polar charged group dispersed in water.
• Non-polar organic molecules i.e. fats insoluble in water and make compartments in cell.
b. Heat Capacity:
• Water had capacity to absorb heat with minimum change in its own temperature.
Specific heat capacity of water: Number of calories required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.
• Water acts as temperature stabilizer for organisms.
• Protects organisms against sudden thermal charge.
c. Heat of Vaporization:
• Number of calories absorbed per gram vaporized.• Much heat is absorbed when water changes from liquid to water.
• Specific heat of vaporization of water is 574 calories / Kilogram.
• Cooling effects to plants in transpiration.
d. Ionization of water:
H²O = H + OH
At 25°C concentration of H positive and OH negative is 10^-7 mole/litre.
Carbohydrates:
• Present in all living organisms.• Cellulose of wood and paper, Starches in cereals, milk sugar, Rout tubers and cane sugars.
• Source of main energy for cell to immediate energy.
• Constituent of cell wall in plants two micro organisms.
• Carbohydrates to Hydrated carbons.
• Consists of C, H2O, ratio of H2O is same vas H²O.
• Formula for CHO; Cx(H²O)y –> x ranges from three to many thousand, y is same or different whole number.
• Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones –> (hydrolysis) yield. Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketone.
• Source –> green plants –>(main product) photosynthesis.
• Glycoprotein to glycolipid –> extracellular matrix of bacterial cell wall.
Classification of Carbohydrates:
• Saccharides derives from the Greek word is saccharon meaning sugar.
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