Monosaccharides
• Simple sugar which cannot be further hydrolyzed.• Easily soluble in water and sweet in taste.
• Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones.
• All C atoms have OH group except one C atom.
• Three to Seven C atoms in nature, Like that tetroses,pentoses, hexoses, heptoses,trioses.
• General Formula ; (CH²O) n/t whole number from 3 to many thousand.
• Glyceraldehyde –> 3C sugar –> C³H⁶O³. Aldehydes from and ketones form is to dihydroxy.
• Glyceraldehyde helps intermediates in respiration and photosynthesis.
• Tetroses ; rare in nature and found in some bacteria.
• Pentoses and Hexoses ; most common. Pentoses such as Ribose. (Monosaccharides ribofuranose) and Hexoses such as forn ring structure in solution glucopyranose.
• Glucose ; fruits like grapes dates, figs.
• Human blood ; 0.08% glucose.
• Combined form of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Polysaccharides
• Sparanly soluble in water, tasteless.• Abundant in nature.
• Complex.
• Many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bond.
• e.g: cellulose, Glycogen, pectin, dextrin, sugar starch.
• Usually branched and tasteless, high molecules weight.
Starch, cellulose and Glycogen:
• Glucose is Naturally produced in green plants by photosynthesis.
CO² + H²0 –> C⁶H¹²O⁶ + O² + H²0
• Log of glucose(use) –> 717.6 Kcal solar energy.
Starch:
• Found in fruit, seed, tubers and grains.
• Main source of CHO for animal and Hydrolysis –> Glucose molecules.
• Two types of Amylose and Amylopectin.
• Amylose is unbranched chain, soluble in hot water.
• Amylopectin is unbranched chain, soluble in hoy and cold water.
• Starches gives blue color with Iodne.
Glycogen:
• Animal starch.
• Cheif form of CHO stored in animal body.
• Liver and muscles.
• Insoluble in water.
• Red colour with Iodine.
• Hydrolysis –> Glucose molecules.
Cellulose:
• Must abundant in nature.
• Cotton –> Pure form cellwall of plants.
• Highly insoluble in water.
• Hydrolysis –> Glucose molecules.
• Not digested in human digestive tract.
• Herbivores digested –> bc² of micro organisms (yeast, bacteria).
• Enzymes.
• Cellulose for digestion.
• Gives no colour with Iodne.
Oligosaccharides
• Less soluble in water, less sweet in taste.• On Hydrolysis (yeild –>) two to ten monosaccharides.
• Disaccharides are yeild two monosaccharides.
• Covalent bond(Glycosidic bond) between two monosaccharides.
e.g: Sucrose, Lactose.
Most common –> sucrose –> canesuga
Glucose + Fructose ; reducing sugars.
Lipids
• Heterogeneous group of compounds or mixtures related and connected with fatty acids.• Insoluble in water and soluble or dissolvable in organic solvent. e.g: ethics, alcohol, benzene.
• Wax, fats, oils, chlostrol.
• Hydrophobic.
• Component in cellular membrane and organelle.
• Stores energy ; move C-H bond and less C-O bond.
• Stores double amount of energy as compared to same amount of carbohydrate.
• Insulation against heat and cold and water proof material.
• Waxes in exoskeleton of insects and cutin to external protective layer on cuticle of epidermis of some plants.
e.g: Acyl glycerol, waxes, Phospholipids, Sphingolipids, trepnoid lipids to cateroid, steroids.
Acyl glycerol:
• Glycerol and fattyacid widespread Triacyl glycerol or triglycerides chemically esters of fattyacids and alcohol.• C²H⁵OH + acetic acid and ester + H²O.
• Fatty acids are most important componed of triglyceroid.
Fatty acids: even 2-30 of C-atoms no in straight chain having H and acidic group COOH carboxylic group.
Saturated Fatty acid: Solpad at No double bond –> room temperature unsaturated fatty acids –> liquid.
Double bond: Animal ; straight chain of fatty acids.
Plants; branched or ringed.
Animal Fats –> solid at room temperature.
Plants Fats –> liquid at room temperature.
Fats and oils –> lighter than water; gravity of 0.8 noncrystalline but some can be crystallized under specific conditions.
Waxes:
• Protective coat on fruit and leaves.• Insect secretes waxes.
• Waxes are long chain alkanes having C²⁵-C³⁵ atoms and alcohol, ketones and esters of along chain fatty acid.
• Protect plants from water ten grams.
• Water barner por insect, birds and animal. e.g; sheep.
Trepnoid:
• Repeating unit of isoprenoid condensation and include rubber, carotenoids steroids, terpenes.Phospholipids:
• Derivatives of phosphatic acid and Glycerol, Fatty acid and phosphoric acid.• Nitrogenous bases cholinergic
• Widespread in bacteria animal and plant cell.
e.g; Phosphatidylcholine.
Proteins
• 50 percent of total dry weight.
• Found in types of cell.
Functions:
• Enzymes –> metabolism of cell.
• Hormones –> regulate metabolic process.
• Haemoglobin –> transport O² to cells.
• Antibodies –> defend against pathogen.
• Blood clothing proteins
• Movement of organs
• Movement of chromosome during anaphase of cell division.
Composition: Polymers of Amino acids.
Amino acid: Number vary from few to 3000 in different proteins. 170 types of a.acids out of which 25 are constituents of protein.
A.Acid:
R
|
NH² – C – COOH C; alpha carbon
|
H
• Mostly protein are made of 20 types of a-acids.
• Amino acid mainly differ due to nature of R group.
R –> H –> Glycine , R –> CH³ –> alanine
Amino group of one a.acid + Carboxyl group of another (H²O –>) Polypeptide proteins. (C-N linkage)
1.acid + 2nd a.acid
H of NH³ + OH of COOH
2 amino acids –> dipeptide –> amino group at one end and carboxylic at other end.
Structure of A.acid:
• Number and specific sequence of a.acid.Shape of molecules which it assume as find and compact form.
Primary Structure:
• Number and sequence of a acid in a protein molecule.F sanger –> 10 year of work
• Insulin; 51 a-acids –> in 2 chains
Disulphide bridge; 1 chain is 21 a.acid and 2 chain is 30 a.acid.
• Haemoglobin; Four chains
2 chain is alpha, with each alpha contain 141 a.acids.
2 chain is beta, with each beta 146 a.acids.
Size of Protein: Type of a.acid and number of a.acid on that protein.
•10 thousand protein in human body composed of unique and specific arrangement of a.acid.
Sequence of a.acid (determine by–>) order of nucleotides in DNA.
Sickle cell Haemoglobin –> only one a.acid each B-chain out of 574 a.acids fails to accupy normal position.
Haemoglobin fails to carry normal or sufficient O² leading to d€áth.
Secondary Structure:
• Polypeptide chain into helix• alpha-Helix; spiral formation of basic polypeptide chain. alpha-Helix is 3.6 a.acid which each turn of helix. H – bond –> Helical structure.
• Beta-pleated sheet; formed by folding back of polypeptide.
Tertialy structure:
• Globular shape• Three types of bond: • Ionic • Hydrogen and • Disulfide S-S.
• Most stable Tertiary configuration –> interaction between groups.
• Most stable Tertiary configuration in which hydrophobic a.acids buried inside and hydrophilic on the surface of molecule. Ionic, H bonds and Disulfide bridge.
Quarterny Structure:
• Highly complex proteins.• Polypeptide tertiary chains held together by hydrophobic interactions, H bond and ionic bonds.
e.g: Haemoglobin
O² carrying protein of red blood cell.
Classification of Protein On structure bases:
Eibrous Protein:
• Secondary structure• Polypeptide chain in fibrils
• Insoluble in aqeous media
• Non-crystalline.
• Elastic in nature
• Perform structural role in cell and organisms.
e.g:
Silk fibres ; Silkworm
Myosin ; Muscle cells
Fibrin ; blood clot
Kerdtin ; nails and hairs
Globular protein:
• Tertiary structure• Spherical or ellipsoidal
• Soluble in aqeous media. e.g: salt solution, acid or bases of alcohol.
• Crystallized. e.g: enzymes, antibodies, hormones and haemoglobins.
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